Abstract: Novel technical developments have facilitated groundbreaking improvements in nanoscale X-ray microscopy methodologies as evidenced by the important roles that they play in different research fields including energy materials, industrial catalysis, life science, and environmental science. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art nanoscale synchrotron radiation microscopy techniques and their cutting-edge scientific applications. We emphasize the importance of advanced computing methods, including big data mining and machine learning approaches, in analyzing high-dimensional X-ray imaging data. It is our wish that this comprehensive review will encourage further exploration and promotion of nanoscale synchrotron radiation microscopy and its scientific applications.