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超重原子核与超重元素

Superheavy nuclei and superheavy elements

  • 摘要: 研究超重原子核和超重元素,探索原子核的电荷和质量极限,是重要的科学前沿领域。超重原子核的存在源于量子效应。上个世纪60年代,理论预言存在一个以质子数114和中子数184为中心的超重稳定岛,这极大地促进了重离子加速器及相关探测设备的建造和重离子物理的发展。到目前为止, 实验室合成了118号及之前的超重元素。其中116号、114号和113号以下的新元素已被命名。利用重离子熔合反应合成更重的超重元素还面临着很多挑战,需要理论与实验密切结合,探索超重原子核性质与合成机制,以登上超重稳定岛。文章概要介绍了超重原子核和超重元素的研究背景、实验进展以及面临的挑战,并展望了未来的发展。

     

    Abstract: The study of superheavy nuclei and superheavy elements and the exploration of the existence limits of the charge and mass of atomic nuclei is at the forefront of modern science.The existence of superheavy nuclei is mainly due to quantum shell effects. In the 1960s,based on the stability originating from shell effects, it was predicted that an island of stability centered at Z=114 and N=184 should exist. This prediction advanced the construction of heavy ion accelerators and related detectors and the development of heavy ion physics. So far, new elements with a charge number up to 118 have been synthesized in laboratories. The elements with Z=116 and 114 and Z<113 have already been named. There are many challenges to synthesize even heavier elements by using heavy ion fusion reactions. More efforts should be made to study the properties of superheavy nuclei both experimentally and theoretically. In this article, the background, experimental progress, and challenges concerning the study of superheavy nuclei will be presented,and future prospects discussed.

     

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