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无处不在的摩擦学:从宏观到单原子尺度

Ubiquitous friction:from the macroscopic to the single-atom regime

  • 摘要: 摩擦,是一个人类文明发展史和日常生活中至关重要、无处不在、离开它人类将无法正常生活和生产的科学问题。原子制造也不得不考虑摩擦问题。从宏观到微观,摩擦现象非常复杂、神秘和精彩!在宏观领域,早在 500 年前,就建立起著名的达·芬奇—阿蒙顿经典定律;在微观领域,摩擦具有诸多新奇的特性,比如摩擦力被降低至接近于零的超润滑现象以及摩擦力随着载荷的增加而减少的负摩擦系数现象等。微观摩擦和宏观摩擦表现出的不同规律为我们从微观和单原子尺度上理解摩擦起源,进而调控摩擦力的大小提供了重要的理论基础和途径。文章简要介绍摩擦学及其发展历史,并重点介绍摩擦起源的微观物理机制以及在单原子尺度上调控摩擦力大小的可能途径。

     

    Abstract: Friction is a crucial and ubiquitous scientific issue in the history of human civilization and daily life, without which humans cannot live or create products;therefore, friction must be considered in all types of fabrication on the atomic scale. From macro to micro, friction is very complex, mysterious and intriguing! In the macroscopic regime, the classic da Vinci—Amontons law was established 500 years ago. However, in the microscopic regime, friction exhibits behavior that is quite distinct from those on the macroscopic scale, such as super-lubrication in which the friction coefficient is reduced to almost zero, and also negative friction in which the friction force decreases as the load increases. This presents a new perspective on controlling friction at the microscopic level. The present article briefly describes tribology and the history of its development, with a focus on micro-physical mechanisms and regulation of the origin of friction on the single-atom scale.

     

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