Abstract: Phonons, the quantized lattice vibrations in solids, play a central role in energy transport and conversion. Beyond their well-established contribution to heat conduction, they have a significant impact on electron/ion transport, photoelectric conversion, and thermoelectric performance etc. Importantly, different phonon modes contribute unevenly to these processes. Selective excitation of specific“targeted phonons”—modes that dominate energy transfer dynamics—offers a promising strategy to overcome transport limitations and substantially enhance energy conversion efficiency. This article provides a review of recent progress in the selective excitation of targeted phonons. We first introduce experimental techniques employing high-frequency lasers and tunneling electrons, then examine key applications in thermal transport, electronic and ionic transport, and photovoltaic systems. Finally, we discuss the broader implications and potential of targeted phonon excitation across diverse domains of energy science.